What Is an Ophiolite Rock

The earliest geologists were puzzled by a peculiar set of rock types in the European Alps like nothing else found on land: bodies of dark and heavy peridotite associated with deep-seated gabbro, volcanic rocks and bodies of serpentinite, with a thin cap of deep-sea sedimentary rocks. In 1821 Alexandre Brongniart named this assemblage ophiolite (snake stone in scientific Greek) after its distinctive exposures of serpentinite (snake stone in scientific Latin). Fractured, altered and faulted, with almost no fossil evidence to date them, ophiolites were a stubborn mystery until plate tectonics revealed their important role. Seafloor Origin of Ophiolites A hundred and fifty years after Brongniart, the advent of plate tectonics gave ophiolites a place in the big cycle: they appear to be small pieces of oceanic crust that have been attached to the continents. Until the mid-20th-century deep-sea drilling program we didnt know just how the seafloor is constructed, but once we did the resemblance with ophiolites was persuasive. The seafloor is covered with a layer of deep-sea clay and siliceous ooze, which grows thinner as we approach the mid-ocean ridges. There the surface is revealed as a thick layer of pillow basalt, black lava erupted in round loaves that form in the deep cold seawater. Beneath the pillow basalt are the vertical dikes that feed the basalt magma to the surface. These dikes are so abundant that in many places the crust is nothing but dikes, lying together like slices in a bread loaf. They clearly form at a spreading center like the mid-ocean ridge, where the two sides are constantly spreading apart allowing magma to rise between them. Read more about Divergent Zones. Beneath these sheeted dike complexes are bodies of gabbro, or coarse-grained basaltic rock, and beneath them are the huge bodies of peridotite that make up the upper mantle. The partial melting of peridotite is what gives rise to the overlying gabbro and basalt (read more about  the earths crust). And when hot peridotite reacts with seawater, the product is the soft and slippery serpentinite that is so common in ophiolites. This detailed resemblance led geologists in the 1960s to a working hypothesis: ophiolites are tectonic fossils of the  ancient deep seafloor. Ophiolite Disruption Ophiolites differ from intact seafloor crust in some important ways, most notably in that they arent intact. Ophiolites are almost always broken apart, so the peridotite, gabbro, sheeted dikes and lava layers dont stack up nicely for the geologist. Instead, they are usually strewn along mountain ranges in isolated bodies. As a result, very few ophiolites have all the parts of the typical oceanic crust. Sheeted dikes are usually what is missing. The pieces must be painstakingly correlated with each other using radiometric dates and rare exposures of the contacts between rock types. Movement along faults can be estimated in some cases to show that separated pieces were once connected. Why do ophiolites occur in mountain belts? Yes, thats where the outcrops are, but mountain belts also mark where plates have collided. The occurrence and disruption were both consistent with the 1960s working hypothesis. What Kind of Seafloor? Since then, complications have arisen. There are several different ways for plates to interact, and it appears that there are several types of ophiolite. The more we study ophiolites, the less we can assume about them. If no sheeted dikes can be found, for instance, we cannot infer them just because ophiolites are supposed to have them. The chemistry of many ophiolite rocks does not quite match the chemistry of mid-ocean ridge rocks. They more closely resemble the lavas of island arcs. And dating studies showed that many ophiolites were pushed onto the continent only a few million years after they formed. These facts point to a subduction-related origin for most ophiolites, in other words near shore instead of the mid-ocean. Many subduction zones are areas where the crust is stretched, allowing new crust to form in much the same way as it does in midocean. Thus many ophiolites are specifically called supra-subduction zone ophiolites. A Growing Ophiolite Menagerie A recent review of ophiolites proposed classifying them into seven different types: Ligurian-type ophiolites formed during the early opening of an ocean basin like todays Red Sea.Mediterranean-type ophiolites formed during the interaction of two oceanic plates like todays Izu-Bonin forearc.Sierran-type ophiolites represent complex histories of island-arc subduction like todays Philippines.Chilean-type ophiolites formed in a back-arc spreading zone like todays Andaman Sea.Macquarie-type ophiolites formed in the classic mid-ocean ridge setting like todays Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean.Caribbean-type ophiolites represent the subduction of oceanic plateaus or Large Igneous Provinces.Franciscan-type ophiolites are accreted pieces of oceanic crust scraped off the subducted plate onto the upper plate, as in Japan today. Like so much in geology, ophiolites started out simple and are growing more complex as the data and theory of plate tectonics become more sophisticated.

Psychology Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - 1823 Words

THEORIES LEARNED 5 My evaluation of the approach is agreeable with the process that has been created by Adlerian and used for many years. It seems to be a very friendly client approach. I believe that if it was more abrasive, there wouldn’t be many goals or life changes within the client. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Key Concepts Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is based on the idea that our thoughts cause our feelings and behaviors, not external things, like people, situations, and events. Beck called it cognitive therapy because of the importance it places on thinking. It is now known as CBT because the therapy employs behavioral techniques as well. Cognitive therapists believe that one s perceptions of situations are important in†¦show more content†¦In addition, cognitive-behavioral therapists seek to learn what their clients want out of life and then help their clients achieve those goals. Therefore, the therapist s role is to listen, teach, and encourage, while the client s roles is to express concerns, learn, and implement that learning. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is often short-term, is skills-based and involves active client participation, in and out of session. Overall, clients learn problem solving skills through application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques to real-life problems in their daily lives. The client is an expert about himself or herself. Furthermore, it is of critical importance that the client understands and accepts the treatment rationale in general and also for particular exercises. In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, the therapist and client work together, in the spirit of collaborative empiricism, to explore, test, and modify maladaptive patterns of behavior and thought. Application: Techniques and Procedures Cognitive Behavioral Therapy differs from other therapy because sessions have a structure, rather than the person talking freely about whatever comes to mind. At the beginning of the therapy, the client meets the therapist to describe specific problems and to set goals they want to work towards. In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, therapists use a variety of cognitive, emotive, and behavioralShow MoreRelatedCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1447 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy Djiedjorm Doe (Dede) Middlesex Community College Cognitive behavioral therapy, commonly known as CBT, is a systematic process by which we learn to change our negative thought into more positive ones. CBT is a combination of two types of therapy, cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. cognition is our thought, so cognitive behavioral therapy combines working with our thought process and changing our behavior at the same time. Cognitive behavioral therapistsRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1502 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy, in its most modern form, was developed in 1960 by Aaron T. Beck. However, CBT has an interesting history dating back to the 1920s in the United States and even earlier in other parts of the world. â€Å"Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of CBT have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly Stoicism. Stoic philosophers, particularly Epictetus, believed logic could be used to identify and discard false beliefs that lead to destructiveRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1700 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy is a school of psychotherapy that intends to assist individuals with conquering their emotional issues. A focal idea in CBT is that you feel the way you think. 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Monitoring System Using Biometric Fingerprint Scanner free essay sample

Swipe card technology is the process plastic embedding of encoded data into card with a magnetic strip that is read by passing the card through a usually slotted electronic device. Personal recognition and identification are special function to this kind of technology. With the use of this, the instances of getting human incorrect identification will be avoided and. With this, organizations and will be in great advantage of security and order. Every school must be on its highest security and order to ensure it’s jurisdiction within the school premises.The system tracks the performance of employees regarding their attendance on a daily basis. We will write a custom essay sample on Monitoring System Using Biometric Fingerprint Scanner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. 2 System Overview Attendance Monitoring System provides a foolproof solution using fingerprint authentication with the use of a Barcode Scanner for input and affiliated with payroll system and human resource development system and provides efficient reports of the company.. The system records details such as arrival and departure of employees besides monitoring their attendance on a daily basis. 1. 2. 1 System Description Attendance Monitoring System takes input in a barcode scanner to collect and process data.Introduction Project Context In our life today, computer is one of the many inventions that greatly affected our way of living. In fact, it is regarded as an essential tool in many areas including business, industry, government, sciences, education, school, home, and in almost any organization and establishment that exists. It can perform operation and process data rapidly, accurately and reliably and by using these machines, spending a lot of time and effort in doing certain task is minimized. One amazing device gaining popularity nowadays is the biometric system.It    resulted from the collaboration of multiple scientific fields which attempted to automate human recognition based on a unique physical attribute. Currently, a person can be identified by multitude of different metrics including their fingerprints. A sensor is used to capture and store it in an electronic format. This information can be used later to identify or authenticate a person to a system. Attendance Monitoring System using Biometric Fingerprint Scanner is a system that manages and monitors the attendance of an employee in a certain establishment.It serves as a time log that is set up as a computerized database. It maintains a daily record of a persons arrival and departure time from work or school. This study is conducted for the enhancement of the existing manual attendance monitoring system in form of a fully developed computerized attendance monitoring system of the La Salette of Ramon High School Department and is intended to be used by the institution’s administrators, members of the faculty and staff.